Pastoral of sentiment and pastoral of mind

“How has it come about that so many people have adopted this strange attitude of hostility to civilization?”

• Freud, Civ and its discontents

“He interprets them as signs of widespread frustration and repression.” (Leo Marx, 9)

“Taken by itself, what comes before we hear the train whistle scarcely arouses our interest. Descriptions of contentment seldom do. But the disturbing shriek of the locomotive changes the texture of the entire passage [Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Sleepy Hollow,” 1844]. Now tension replaces repose: the noise arouses a sense of dislocation, conflict, and anxiety.

“The echo, a recurrent device in pastoral, is another metaphor of reciprocity. It evokes that sense of relatedness between man and not-man which lends a metaphysical aspect to the mode…”